Essay about Empiricist vs. Rationalist - 901 Words

Empiricist philosophers such as John Locke believe that knowledge must come from experience. Others philosophers such as Descartes believe that knowledge is innate; this way of thinking is used by rationalist. In this paper I will discuss the difference between Descartes rationalism in his essays The Meditations and Lockes empiricism in his essays An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. I will then lend my understanding as to what I believe as the ultimate source of knowledge. Locke discards the suggestion of innate ideas. Locke believes that if we always had innate ideas, it would be impossible for us not to perceive or be aware of them. He believes that if there were innate ideas then they would be universal ideas present†¦show more content†¦Descartes as a rationalist believes that knowledge comes from the mind alone. During the First Meditation, Descartes came to the conclusion that there must be some kind of evil deceiver that leads him to a state of doubt (Descartes 77). Descartes starts out with the fact that distant sensations are subject to doubt and uncertainty. He then goes on to try and cast doubt onto close sensations. Descartes starts off by stating that close sense perception must be certain because we are not crazy, and only a insane person would doubt what was right in front of them. Descartes then uses the dream argument to cast uncertainty on close sense perception because they are as lively, vivid and clear as reality is when we are awake (Descartes 76). Descartes then states that geometry and math are certain. For whether I am awake or sleeping, two and three added together always make five, and a square never has more than four sides; and it does not seem possible that truths so apparent can be suspected of any falsity or uncertainty (Descartes 98). Descartes comes to realize this certainty because math, geometry, and the simple sciences can be understood and proved through logic and reasoning. He then uses his Deceiver Argument to cast doubt on close sensations. He questions how we know for certain that God is good, and how we know thatShow MoreRelatedDescartes vs. Locke1175 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Essay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. ReneRead MoreDescartes vs Locke Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Essay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. ReneRead More300 - Rationalism vs Empiricism - Summary and History2194 Words   |  9 PagesRationalism vs. Empiricism – History and Summary What is reality really like? A current running through much of the philosophical thinking around the time of Socrates and Plato was that there is a difference between how the world appears and how it is. Our senses reveal one layer of reality but it is our minds that penetrate deeper. The world of appearances is a world in flux but underneath there must be a stable reality. For there is much that is unchanging. We recognise kinds of things – badgersRead MoreRationalism Vs Empiricism : Rationalism Versus Empiricism1385 Words   |  6 PagesDodely Dolce â€Å"Rationalism vs Empiricism† Today in society, many people are free to follow whichever philosophical view that they feel is right for them. Each philosophical view has a different set of beliefs, and many philosophers went through great lengths to prove that the philosophical view of their choice was the best one. In this paper I will be talking about two philosophical theories. The first one is called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. EmpiricismRead MoreCartesian Rationalism Vs. Locke s Empiricism Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy Name Institution INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Cartesian rationalism vs. Locke’s empiricism Rene Descartes was a rationalist who believed that knowledge of the world can be gained by the exercise of pure reason, while empiricist like Locke believed that knowledge of the world came through senses. Descartes from his meditations deduced from intuitive first principles the existence of self, of God,Read MoreLocke’s Qualities vs. Berkeley’s Idealism754 Words   |  4 PagesLocke’s Qualities vs. Berkeley’s Idealism In the modern period of philosophy, around the 16th and 17th century, after the fall of Rome and the rise of the dark years, three major events had occurred. The first began with the scientific revolution, where many philosophers were becoming scientist, such as the philosopher of science Francis Bacon. The next event was the resurgence of skepticism, where one questions everything until they discover the truth. For instance, the philosopher famous forRead MoreEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 Pagesare most likely the two most famous and intriguing schools of philosophy. The two schools deal specifically with epistemology, or, the origin of knowledge. Although not completely opposite, they are often considered so, and are seen as the Jordan vs. Bird of the philosophy world. The origins of rationalism and empiricism can be traced back to the 17th century, when many important advancements were made in scientific fields such as astronomy and mechanics. The se advancements were most likelyRead MoreRationalism vs. Irrationalism1607 Words   |  7 PagesRationalism vs. Irrationalism Jane Evans was spending a week at the Crown Point Ward girls camp. She and her friends were laughing and enjoying the crisp night air. They giggled and talked of crushes on boys and gossiped all night about the notorious girls at school. But the fun stopped when a rat bit one of the girls. Screaming, squirming and frightened, they worried and stayed awake for the remainder of the night. Unable to sleep, they decided to go indoors, to avoid anotherRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 Pagesgave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge in S or for the concepts we use in S other than sense experience. This radical way of thinking began in the 17th century, with John Locke often regarded as the â€Å"father of British empiricism† afterRead MoreThe Republicn and a Brief History of Philosphy1763 Words   |  7 PagesSecondary to that there is truth, this idea is one that the main character struggles with the most throughout the film. As the film opens we are introduced to each character and their current spouse. All seems to be well other than the normal husband vs. in law rivalry, some may say that portrayal of life seems reasonable. What we find out as the film progresses is that the problems within these couples goes deeper than the traditional family feud. The main character Judah is having an affair with

Personal Statement Physical Emergency - 1473 Words

Physical Emergency In the event of a physical emergency, there are many things that I must do to ensure that I will get the care I need. If I find myself in a situation that I need care immediately, I will call 911 or have someone call for me. I will have the ambulance take me to the Canton Beaumont Medical Center, and if I need to be transferred after that, I will have them take me to Beaumont Dearborn. If I can, I will also call my dad and let him know that I am hurt/going to the hospital. If I cannot physically make the call, I will have someone else call him for me or I will try to text him. He is the family member I should try to contact first because he is most likely to have his phone on him, and he can spread the word to other†¦show more content†¦If I cannot contact any of the previous people listed, I will call my therapist, Carol. She is a trained professional that can listen to my struggles and talk me through them. If I cannot contact Carol, I will call the Alco holics Anonymous hotline because I know for a fact that someone will answer. In addition to reaching out to other people, I will go to as many meetings as possible because I know that I never walk out of a meeting feeling worse than I did when I walked in. In the extremely unfortunate case that I relapse, I will be honest about my relapse with Nita, Clay, Carol, and my parents as soon as possible. I will go to even more meetings than I already do, pray, count on my friends/family for support, and stick with my Program. A relapse does not mean I am a failure, it means that what I was doing wasn’t working anymore and I need to make some adjustments in my life so I will not feel the need to drink/use again. Another psychological issue I need to prepare myself for is another spout of major depression. From experience, I know my depression manifests itself as fatigue, loss of appetite, irritability, and a general sense of apathy. If I feel these things coming on, I will share them with my therapist, Carol. She will probably suggest I exercise, among other things, and I will listen. I will take what she says to heart because I knowShow MoreRelatedViolence Against Nurses in the Emergency Department782 Words   |  4 PagesViolence Against Nurses in the Emergency Department Kimberly L. Kirk Professional Nursing Practice of the Baccalaureate Nurse August 8, 2014 Violence against Nurses in the Emergency Department According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, workplace violence is defined as â€Å"an act of aggression directed toward persons at work or on duty, ranging from offensive or threatening language to homicide† (Wolf, Delao Perhats, 2014, p.305). Workplace violenceRead MoreA Plan For Students And Staff With Special Needs Or Disabilities1306 Words   |  6 Pages5. Develop a Plan for Students and Staff with Special Needs or Disabilities My review of the crisis plan found that very little addressed children or staff with physical, sensory, motor, developmental, or mental challenges. This is something that definitely needs to be addressed when considering relocation or evacuation. For example, some of our students with disabilities have restricted mobility and use a wheelchair, and moving them to a nearby staging center or evacuation center will be difficultRead MoreEssay On Pay Day Loans1040 Words   |  5 Pagesscore. Who needs to apply for bad credit payday loans? Payday loans are short term loans that should be paid within the next 30 days. Due to their high interest rates, they are best suitable for people with emergency financial needs. In other countries, these loans are commonly known as emergency or advance loans hence their fast approval. How do I get my payday loan application approved? You have documents to prove that you are eligible for bad credit payday loans. However, you may have been unsuccessfullyRead MoreResearch Paper Proposal1331 Words   |  6 PagesBurnout among Nurses in Intensive Care Units and Emergency Departments: An empirical study of Pakistani Government Hospitals 1. Introduction Burnout is a pattern of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion in response to chronic job stressors. It is a disorder characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a low level of personal accomplishments, which primarily affects people who are dealing with other people in their work (Maslach, 1982). Burnout develops due to the persistentRead MoreCrisis Management Plan Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagescontemplate, â€Å"How do I ready for a zombie apocalypse?† Even though zombies are hype, they effortlessly link within our imagination of disaster and emergency preparedness as seen in the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention advertising maneuver in 2011. The agency trusted it to be an excellent stimulus to get the public to pull together for an emergency. One must be prepared for terrorist/zombie attacks, natural disasters or pandemics. This paper will target the communication plan employed in a healthRead MoreOrganizing Functions of Management Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageshowever is the second of the four functions. Organizing, grouped with planning, provides managers with control of all organizational aspects, the organizing function is said to be the most frustrating one. Collecting and arranging the financial, physical, informational, the human and other resources needed to reach goals, is what organizing consists of. Organizing activities include attracting people to the corporation, identifying job responsibilities, grouping jobs into work units, collectingRead MoreNursing1261 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Definition of Nursing April Vialpando Ms. Penne McPherson in partial fulfillment of NR444 Professional Role Development Regis University January 22, 2013 Personal Definition of Nursing The definition of nursing has many different meanings depending on whom you ask. To some a nurse is simply the person who brings you your medication and takes your vital signs. To others, including myself, it is someone who keeps you safe and watches over you while you are in a healthcare settingRead MoreEhrenreich s Nickel And Dimed, By Barbara Ehrenreich1284 Words   |  6 PagesAction In her novel, Nickel and Dimed, Barbara Ehrenreich states the working poor should be categorized as a â€Å"state of emergency,† and while that may first appear as extreme title, it would certainly promote action in our society. This â€Å"call to action† is one of the main motivations behind Ehrenreich’s writing of this novel. If viewing the working poor as a state of emergency promotes society to take action, then so be it. It is clear from Ehrenreich’s novel that the life of the working poor isRead Moremiss1624 Words   |  7 Pagesand control measures in the safety statement. Employers must provide their employees the correct training to ensure their health and safety at work. The communication between employers and employees can be verbal, visual and written. Fire Safety A fire safety risk assessment should be carried out should included fire prevention, fire detection and warning, and emergency escape routes and assembly points. These should be all included in the safety statement. First Aid and Manual and PatientRead MoreThe Security Plan1468 Words   |  6 Pagesprograms on computers. Brief and conduct training for all employees on cyber threats and vulnerabilities, and have them sign course completion form. This training should be held semi-annually. | Internal threats from employees i.e. theft, breach of personal info | 10 | 9 | 19 | Research each employee’s background thoroughly before hiring them. Conduct team building and morale activities monthly for all employees and levels. Monitor each employee’s computer usage and make sure that all activities are

Enterprise System for Integrate Activities - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theEnterprise System for Integrate Activities. Answer: Summary of the Result The summary of my result of the test that I have taken will be explained in this section.I had to answer numerous multiple choice questions to derive the results. The screen shot my result and an analysis of it will be made on this part. In this ENFJ tool, there are the four dichotomies that has sixteen types and when they are put together they are represented by those four dichotomies. The type of the subject of the personality is ENFJ. I live in an external focused life where I deal with things that are primarily based on how I feel about the different external things. These external thing needs to fit in into my personal value system. The secondary mode of my living is internal that needs to take in things that are based on my intuition. I fall under this category and consider myself focused. I posses an excellent skill that is not easily found in others that is to care for people. I always try to find the best in others. I usually devote myself completely for others and for their betterment. Manipulating people is what is usually done in order to use the people and make them do whatever I want. My motivation is usually unselfish in nature that needs to be used for the other purposes. Through this ENFJ test, I understood that I do not like to spend time alone and have a difficult time when it comes to spending time alone. I tend to have deep and dark thoughts when I am alone and hence I avoid such situation. Hence, I ultimately tend to avoid such situations. The other side of the ENFJ is that I am a completely reserved person. This do not mean that I lack strong self beliefs but I tend to refrain myself from that tendency. On the other hand, I feel myself strong and succinct in expressing my thoughts and marking my opinions for others. This may be the reason I am loved by all and I am actually a well organized people. There should be no doubt in it. This ultimately suggests that I am primarily good at position when it comes to dealing with people. There may be difficulties in making proper good decisions and I face this several times. Ultimately, there is a need to judge based on the rules and the values in a particular situation and its proper understanding will help when the intuition might fail. In short, it can be said that I am quite charming, creative, warm and diverse that needs to be highly developed with rich insights. Therefore, there is no need for competition with the people of ENFJ who are quite caring and productive in nature (Pearson and DeFrank-Cole 2017). The results prove that the ENFJ people have a comparatively good performance in managing the different people in order to bring the performance can be maintained (Kim and Lee 2016). This will help in managing the performance of the humans so that a potential good leader can come out from it and can lead their followers well. My weakness and strengths through the ENFJ has been revealed that will eventually help me to redevelop them and make me handle my strengths in a better way. There is a need to handle those situations in a better way so that I eventually become a good and responsible leader. The outcome of the result showed that I am 6% in judging, which I feel I am not. I feel I should have scored more and my power for the judging is far ahead than this percentage. It is not that much true that I am an extrovert but here the percentage that has been shown is 44%. To some I go with the results but definitely to this rate of the percentage. I believe that my intuition is quite strong and it should not come out so less. The percentage that has been shown is 12% and my percentage for the feelings has come out to 22%, which again I do not agree with. I consider to know myself better and I do not think this result should have been the outcome. MBIT test and its reliability Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers have developed the MBIT test. Katherine was somewhat influenced from the Carl Jungs book, the Psychological Type that has made her daughter later in 1940 to develop and create the MBIT (Burr et al. 2016). The educational testing services have started its distribution rate in 1957 of the MBIT. The testing has adopted this as a part of the library. Some of the unfavorable reviews has been made on the different internal members that was put together to stop the ETS and might have acquired a Consulting Psychologist Press (Wang 2015). The press has been acquired that has a complete right to sell from 1975. The MBIT is considered to recognize on the 16 different types of the personality development of the four dimensions that will be eventually put into it. It has been shown that the Introversion vs. Extroversion, Intuition vs. Sensing, Feeling vs. Thinking and Perception vs. Judgment (Rice 2015). The MBIT has its own reliability and consists of two letter categories that are not clear and sharp, as it appears to be (Lopez, Sakhel and Busch 2017). Hence, the possibility for the MBIT is to make and show familiar scores of the result that has much different personalities. Is it widely used and by whom? The test is an extremely popular one and is recognized worldwide. This can be used as a profitable tool also that has many certified consultants who can publish it as a publisher and can use them. On an average it can be said that many large corporations and organizations that also includes the 89 of the 100 fortune companies (forbes.com 2017). What do experts say about the MBIT test? Many scholars criticize the merits of the MBIT. For an instance, Costa and McCrae criticize the different psychometric property that has been used in the test from the year 1989. There are various limitations of the test that needs to be kept in mind. Some attention was also drawn from the Mattare from a very high skepticism degree that can be found in the MBIT research. Misuse and the overuse of the test have been marked. There may be arguments on the different shortcomings of the test that stands alone on the measurement (Tananchai 2017). Similar test alongside or its place A comparison may be made on the NEO-PI and the various five model factors that are known as the Big Five. The NEO-PI can be used in different academic literatures whereas the MBIT can be used in the team oriented and the business settings (Hamada et al. 2016). A preference of the NEO-PI is used over MBIT and hence both of them can be used in the research papers that have a far consistent overlapping. References forbes.com. 2017.MBTI popularity. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/toddessig/2014/09/29/the-mysterious-popularity-of-the-meaningless-myers-briggs-mbti/#15ed93091c79 [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017]. Hamada, E.K., Mohamed, E.A., Mohamed, S. and Youssef, M., 2016. An Augmented Reality Approach to Integrate Practical Activities in E-Learning Systems. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science Applications, 1(7), pp.107-117. Humanmetrics.com. (2017). Personality test based on C. Jung and I. Briggs Myers type theory. [online] Available at: https://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/jtypes2.asp [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Kim, H.E. and Lee, S.E., 2016. Childcare Teachers Educational Beliefs and Self-efficacy according to Psychological Preferences of the MBTI Test. Korean Journal of Childcare and Education, 12(1), pp.171-185. Lopez, J.M.R., Sakhel, A. and Busch, T., 2017. The present, exploratory study examined bright-side personality trait (NEO-PI-R and MBTI) and dark-side trait (HDS) differences between middle to senior managers who had, and had not, worked abroad. It also examined the relation of personality trait variables to the duration of time spent abroad. In all 3165 females and 10,068 males aged between 23 and 65 years went to work-related assessment centre...European Management Journal,35(1), pp.137-139. Rice, J.W., 2015.Using Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicators to Predict High School Student Performance in an Educational Video Game. University of North Texas. Tananchai, A., 2017. The Personality of Students Studying the Social Etiquette and Personality Development Course by Myers Briggs Type Indicators (MBTI) Theory.AJE,3(2). Wang, C.Y., 2015. Preference measures of rectangle ratio on MBTI personality types. Art and Design Review, 3(03), p.69.

The Medium is the Message

Human communication has developed from primitive forms, such as symbols and mimes, to more complex modern forms such as language. Communication, as a discipline, has attracted the attention of many scholars and professionals. Numerous theories have been put forward, all of which attempt to stake a claim as to what constitutes communication.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Medium is the Message specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Within the theoretical foundations of communication, there exist the medium theory proposed by experts such as McLuhan, Ong and Meyrowitz. The medium theory postulates that effective communication is determined by the medium of communication. McLuhan uses the terms medium to also refer to communication technologies such as the TV, the radios, the internet and many others. Thus, the meaning of a message is any change introduced by the medium within the communication process. This implies that communication technologies affect how people perceive the world around them. Such technologies also introduce new communication patterns into human affairs. Such patterns change people perception education, business trade among phenomena. Within this paper, the medium theory is analyzed Vis a Vis the internet. Suffice to state that the medium theory has come under intense criticism. Critics argue that McLuhan and other medium theorist ignore other basic variables, which determine the effectiveness of communication. Despite the criticisms, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of the internet as a communication medium is found to corroborate McLuhan’s (1964) theory. Medium theorists such as McLuhan, Ong and Meyrowitz propose that modern communication has been mediatised. This implies that the medium the message. The medium of communication modifies communication process in that it determines how people transfer, receive, perceive and interpreted messages. Th e meaning of every message is determined by the medium and not the content or the manner in which the message is relayed (Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research 2011). McLuhan and other media theorist postulate the media, rather than the actual content of the message should be the centre of study in relation to how meaning is derived. Furthermore, every form of medium is unique and has unique characteristics. Therefore, different forms of media modify communication differently. To understand the medium theory, it is important to critically evaluate the meaning and implication of the terms ‘medium’ and ‘medium is the message’ (Federman 2004). McLuhan (1964) uses the terms ‘media’ and ‘technology’ to also refer to the medium of communication. McLuhan refers to Medium as â€Å"any extension of ourselves that helps us in perceiving the world around us† (1964).Advertising Looking for research paper on socia l sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In general terms, medium refers to technologies through which messages are passed from the speaker to the recipient. McLuhan (1964) further gives two types of media; hot and cool media. By hot media, McLuhan (1964) refers to any form of technology, such as the radio, that requires limited involvement by the user. Conversely, cool media, such as the TV requires maximum involvement by the user. Other examples of medium forwarded by McLuhan include print media forms such as newspapers, bulletins, tabloids and magazines. McLuhan controversially adds that technologies such as cars and the light bulb are among useful communication media. These Media are the lenses through which people see the world around them. McLuhan (1964) adds another form of medium; the content. McLuhan (1964) argues that â€Å"a typical characteristic of every medium is that the content carried by that medium is medium i n itself†. Thus medium becomes a form of language with its own language structure and rules. McLuhan (1964) asserts that medium intensifies and speeds up the process of communication. Medium changes the â€Å"scale, pace and pattern† through which people associate with others as well with the world around them resulting to â€Å"psychic and social consequences† (Weisband, Schneider Connolly 1995). This implies that media determines how people interpret the world around them. The social consequences create the meaning of the message regardless of the content of that message. Therefore, the meaning of the message is purely determined by the medium. This phenomenon is referred to as the ‘medium is the message’ (McLuhan 1964). McLuhan (1964) uses the term medium and media refer to technologies, such as the internet, the TV and the radio that aid communication. In view of McLuhan’s (1964) assertion, the internet is one of the modern technologies t hat modify communication process. According to Adeel (n.d.) the use of internet has increased over the last few years. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effects of internet to social cultural changes within societies. In a study conducted on the effects of internet use in Pakistan, Adeel (n.d.) found out that despite being a medium of social interaction, the use of internet amongst Pakistanis has led to social isolation within families. Pakistanis spend more time on the internet than with other family members.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Medium is the Message specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the internet leads to isolation within families. Furthermore, the internet is easily accessible and has therefore negatively affected Pakistanis’ reading culture as well as outdoor social activities. Rather than spending time playing outdoor games, Pakistani children spend more ti me on the internet playing online games. Therefore, the internet has impinged on the ability of the Pakistani young generation to interact. Other than social isolation, the internet has also led to erosion of cultural values. The internet is a free media, and thus connotes freedom of content and viewership. Anyone can post any form of content on the internet without restriction. Thus, the internet has increased access to content containing negative messages such as pornography and violence. Furthermore, internet has led to increase in cyber crime and other anti social behavior such as racial, gender, religious discrimination. Brey (n.d.) departs from the path taken by Adeel (n.d.) and focuses on the positive influences that the internet. Brey (n.d.) argues that the internet has increased access to information and thus many cultures have become enlightened. Furthermore, the internet has created a culture of globalization. Biggs (2000) concurs with this, further adding that the intern et has brought together people of various cultures together, and gradually has blurred cultural differences amongst the netizens. This has created a new culture amongst the netizens. As such, the internet culture is slowly evolving. Biggs (2000) concludes that Intent is on its way to becoming a culture in itself. Medium theorist asserts that media scales up the process of communication resulting to new psychic experiences which in turn modifies meaning. Salomon (1990) explains that the internet is one of the modern technologies that have brought new possibilities which traditional technologies such as the newspaper, the TV and radio could not afford users. Salomon (1990) adds that the internet has the ability to affect peoples â€Å"minds in interesting and important ways†. In relation to this theory, Voiskounsky (1998) adds that modern technologies, such as the internet, aid in development of psychic abilities in human beings. The internet is thus seen as a mediator between human cognitive processes and the communication process. Salomon (1990) and Voiskounsky (1998) seem to form their argument on the core of Vygotsky’s (1962) theory on the relevance of cognitive mediation. Cole (1996) adds that Vygotsky’s theory proposes that the human mind is a crucial instrument that determines the meaning of communication symbols. The assertion above can be taken in light of McLuhan’s (1964) assertion that a communication medium shapes how people associate with others as well as with the environment around them.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regardless of the content of communication, the internet affects people in similar ways. Thus internet users are most likely to derive the similar meaning from a message passed through the internet. Studies on the influence of the internet as a medium of communication go way back to the 1990s with scholars such as Dyson being among the first to document findings. Dyson (1997) argues that the internet gives people the opportunity to â€Å"redefine their societal roles†. The internet has enabled people to find new ways to govern their lives. Issues such as education, business and commerce as well as communication are mediated by internet and have therefore taken a new meaning; the internet has enabled people to perceive education, business, commerce and communication differently. This implies that the internet has enabled people to study and do business more efficently. Dyson (1997) assertion that the internet has enabled people change the way they perceive education, business and communication corroborates McLuhan’s (1964) assertion that communication medium is â€Å"an extension of ourselves that helps us in perceiving the world around us†. The medium theory of communication postulates that the medium determines how messages are received, translated and interpreted. This assertion discounts other variables of communication that determines the outcomes of the communication process (Meyrowitz 2001). Such variables include the style and method of communication. In criticising the medium theory, Meyrowitz’s (2001) assertions are analyzed Vis a Vis the material culture and its relationship to communication technologies. According to material culture theorist, peoples’ perception of the world is determined by social and cultural factors. Therefore communication does not occur in a vacuum but intended to pass a predetermined message. As explained earlier, material culture theorists stipulate that social and cultural factors determin e how people perceive the world. There are two material subcultures: lowbrow and highbrow cultures. Lowbrow culture is defined as a way of life amongst the low class. It is also referred to as popular culture, famously recognized as pop culture. Pop culture utilizes style rather than medium as the means of effective communication. Specifically, humor and sarcasm are the dominant styles of communication within the pop culture (Jordan 2005). Conversely highbrow culture refers to the lifestyle of the high class (Peterson and Kern1996). Lowbrow and highbrow cultures utilize various forms of communication technologies such as the TV, Newspaper, magazines and the internet. The purpose of each of these technologies is to relay socially constructed messages. As such, the media only relays a message and does not modify it. The medium theory stipulates that effective communication depends on medium. The medium of communication is the most crucial variable in determining how a message is perce ived. While McLuhan (1964) offers plausible examples and illustration on the assertion that the medium is the message, this notion is yet to gain universal acceptance. Critics argues that McLuhan (1964) and other medium theorist ignore other variables that also influence communication process. For instance, the material culture theorists argue that the prevailing societies and cultures influence the construction of the message. For the message to be effective it has to be transmitted in a specific manner. According to material theorist the medium is only useful in transferring messages and does not modify them. Therefore, technologies such as the internet do not determine the meaning of the message. Despite the criticism by material cultural theorist, the medium theory tends to outweigh the criticism since it is evident that the internet has changed the way in which people view the world around them. McLuhan’s (1964) main assertion is the medium is the message. This implies t hat the meaning of any message is solely determined by the medium through which it is carried. In this regard, the medium theory overlooks the content and the style of communication amongst other variables that determine the effectiveness of communication. The e application of the medium theory especially with regards to internet as one of communication technologies has been evaluated and found to be true. Through the internet, people have been able to accelerate their social interactions and associations. Furthermore, the internet has altered people’s perception of the world around them. The medium theory is not universally acceptable. The use of internet as a medium of communication goes beyond its ability to modify the process of communication. As exemplified by material culture theorists, the internet enabled the transfer of predetermined messages. Such criticism does not mean that the medium theory is false. It is still relevant and has presented new and credible ways th rough which communication is perceived. Reference List Adeel, K., Impact of internet on society -Pakistan community. Biggs, S. 2000, ‘Global village or urban jungle: Culture, self-construal, and the internet’, Media Ecology Association. Web. Brey, P., Evaluating the Social and Cultural Implications of the Internet. Web. Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research 2011, Media evolution and cultural change: Discussing medium theory and mediatisiation’. Web. Cole, M. 1996, Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Federman, M. 2004, What is the Meaning of the Medium is the Message? Web. Jordan. M. 2005, Weirdo deluxe: The wild world of pop surrealism and lowbrow art, Chronicle Books, San Francisco. Meyrowitz, J. 2001, Morphing McLuhan: Medium Theory for a New Millennium. Peterson, R. and Kern, R. 1996, ‘Changing highbrow taste: From snob to omnivore’,  American Sociolo gical Review, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 900-907. Salomon, G.1990, ‘Cognitive effects with and of computer technology’, Communication  Research, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 26-44. Voiskounsky, C. 1998, Internet: Culture diversity and unification. Web. Vygotsky, L. 1962, Thought and language, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Weisband, S., Schneider, K. and Connolly, T., 1995, ‘Computer-mediated communication and social information: Status salience and status differences’ Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 1124-1151 This research paper on The Medium is the Message was written and submitted by user Cailyn Tanner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Medium is the Message

Venus and Andy Warhol free essay sample

Botticelli created the beautiful, captivating, and norm breaking Birth of Venus. It depicts the story of the goddess Venus, having emerged from the sea as a full grown woman arriving at the shore. Painted in 1486, and with the medium of tempera on canvas, The Birth of Venus hangs in the Uffizi gallery in Florence Italy. This renaissance painting is huge and is 67. 9 inches tall by 109. 6 inches wide. Andy Warhol’s screen print Venus was done is 1984 and has been mass produced all over the country. There are many critiques and analysis for both of these pieces. Also there is a large amount of comparisons between the two, because they are both of the same goddess. There is a lot of historical background pertaining to Botticelli’s masterpiece because of the era in which it was created: The Renaissance. Sandro Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus is his most famous painting, and was once hung in the Medici Villa. We will write a custom essay sample on Venus and Andy Warhol or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the composition Venus is in the middle drifting towards the sea shore. Venus is nude and at this time in the Renaissance nudity was not common, so is mythological image was risky. To the right of Venus a woman is waiting to clothe Venus, but she is floating away from the woman in her sea shell boat. To her left the god Zephyr and Flora are there to witness her arrival. The use of perspective in this painting is realistic because there is a vanishing point where the sky meets the water. The background is full of natural blues, and the white caps of the ripples in the water lead the viewer’s eyes toward the front of the piece. Shadow and light is used to make curves on the figures rather than outline, which were also becoming new in this period. All of the bodies seem to be very spiritualistic because of how they almost float above the ground. Sandro made the feet of the figures with flexed or almost pointed toes. This adds a really graceful flying look to the people. Also The placement of Zephyr and Flora is cornered so the look as if they are flying into the image. Also the way the clothing seems like it is blowing around the people gives movement to the picture. The subject matter here is a nude woman which is different from the Neo-Platonic rules of society. Mythological scenes in the Renaissance show how the people became more interested in not just religious subject matter, but more of a worldly view on art. In the second half of the fifteenth century portraits of everyday people such as average women, fellow artists and even peasants were more popular and in demand. People of this period became much more aware of themselves, and not just what religion based ideas said. Pop Art is seen as a trend now, because it’s printed on clothing, posters, magazines, bags, and even shoes. In pop art the medium is as important as the message, unlike in renaissance art. Religious paintings were the most common subject in the renaissance period. But The Birth of Venus could be considered pop art of the Renaissance because it was a nude woman and not a religion based fresco style piece. Pop art is supposed to relate to the current times, and when Botticelli painted his masterpiece, people were starting to get worldlier. Andy Warhol was an American painter, print maker, and filmmaker who were one of the best pop artists in history. He has many famous pieces such as his Marilyn Monroe, Eight Elvis’s, Banana, and of course Venus. Eight Elvis’s was sold for 100 million dollars in 1963. He used a technique called screen printing. Screen printing is a technique that uses woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil. The stencil forms an open area of mesh that can transfer ink or other printable materials which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp edged image onto a substrate. Then a roller is used to cover the screen stencil and the ink is applied over the woven parts, creating the negative space. This process has become very common today with clothing, fabrics, accessories and posters. Venus is the subject in Warhol’s rendition, but it is just her head. Warhol did many repeated patters of the same image but used different color combinations on each of them. The idea is you buy multiple pieces of the image, but each is a different color. Because this image was a screen print, there are many different colors and color combinations of this one image. For example on one version Venus has a black face with vibrant red, yellow and orange hair. In another version the background is completely black, while Venus is more muted, by this I mean she does not look as bold, but bold colors are still used. She has pale skin, with the same red, yellow, orange vibrant hair only with a clear matte covering over it to give the faded effect. In another popular version the background is purple, and Venus’s face is blue, with the vibrant fire colored hair. The composition of Warhol’s Venus is much simpler than Botticelli’s. It is just her head, neck and a small portion of the top of her left shoulder. She is centered on the rectangular piece with her pony tail flowing to the right and her loose hair around the left side of her neck. She is still making the same facial expression as the original and her body position is still relaxed and comfortable. The line work is very heavy. There is alternating line color and thickness to show her curls in her hair. Also the details of her face are partially done in contour lines. For example the nose and the eyebrows are simple lines but done in a contrasting color of the face. The shadows and highlights on Venus are done in neon colors or hard whites. There is a lot of contrast of color within each screen print. The shadows and line work is all done in a color of an opposite hue. The negative space in the print is always the background. This negative space makes all of the prints go together and look consistent, the negative spaces never change. If these negatives spaces were different in each composition there would be no sense of unity in Warhol’s work. Therefore for his style, space was a key element. Like mentioned earlier, The Birth of Venus was a breakthrough for the late fifteenth century. It was the first art work done to relate to mythological ideas. This went against the Neo-Platonic philosophy and the ancient thought. Mythology does not always correlate with the Christian ideas, but often are similar. The difference is myths are much more fiction based, and made to show symbolism while biblical stories are stated as facts in history. Venus is in a very relaxed contrapposto pose, which at the time was perceived as very sexual. Most paintings at the time the subject was facing to the side or directly forward. And of course not only is Venus standing like this, but she is also nude. This just reassures the viewer that she is a sexual symbol, and is very seductive and beautiful. At the time, this was all new and risky. People began to become more interested with events that were on a more global scale, not just a biblical view. Other pieces like Donatello’s David, caused controversy for the same reasons. He is nude, young, and sexual. Hercules and Antaeus was also a bronze statue with mythical meaning and nudity. When Botticelli painted The Birth of Venus the ruling Medici family was buying Flemish art for their palace. They had tons of tapestries and panel paintings. The Medici family fell in love with his art and he started creating painting for them such as the Primavera and The Birth of Venus. Pop art was a movement that started in Britain and America around the 1950s. â€Å"The Arts and the Mass Media† is another term for pop art and pop culture. The movement is characterized by themes and techniques drawn from popular mass culture, such as television, movies, advertising and comic books. It is easy to understand and easy to see because pop art is iconic, and current. Andy Warhol was alive during the heart of pop culture which made him so famous. At the time people like Marilyn Monroe, Elvis, Annie Oakley, and Albert Einstein were icons so he based his art off of them. His first famous print was of tons of flavors of the traditional red and white Campbell’s soup cans. Everyone can relate to these images, so everyone liked them. Campbell’s soup is a house hold item that the rich, poor and middle class had in common. So when Warhol made the print Venus he transformed it into pop art with a message. The message is to rebel, and be unique because the original painting was. This is a statement to be bold and risky, like the nude Venus. She was iconic in the 1500s and she is now iconic in the twentieth century. Pop art caused lots of controversy in the fifties due to the alcohol bans, civil rights, powerful women, JFK, sex, wars etc. Art was able to be created about all of these issues, and the public was able to see and access it. There are many similarities between The Birth of Venus and Venus. They both mainly represent love and compassion. Venus was the goddess responsible for those two traits. Other than the fact they have the same person in both of them, they are also compositionally alike. They both have a negative space as the background. This allows all the attention to be brought forward in the pieces and on to Venus. She is centered in both images, which makes her the most important and focal point of the pictures. In both Botticelli and Warhol’s art works Venus has red hair, and they both have sexual notions. Each of them are iconic images, by this I mean everyone who looks at either picture knows that this is Venus. Warhol’s Venus is obviously pop art but The Birth of Venus could also be called pop art. This is true because pop art deals with what is important, and current of the time. When there was more of an interest on global art rather than just religious art Botticelli made this piece for the Medici family. Therefore it has the same ideas that are behind the meanings of pop art. On the other hand there are a vast amount of differences as well. For one the medium screen printing was not even available in the late 1500s. Botticelli used tempera on canvas and there is only one original of this masterpiece. In other words Botticelli could not mass produce his picture with the same medium as the original like Warhol can. But that is mainly based on the time and age differences and technology. Botticelli’s colors are more natural and human like while Warhol’s are electric and are high in contrast. The Birth of Venus has natural lighting and shadows brought on by the other figures and setting around her. Venus has shadows in opposite colors and more obscure color combinations. He also uses contour lines, and obvious line work within the face and hair of Venus. Warhol decided to focus only on her head, while Botticelli painted an entire seen and story line with multiple figures. In all, both images are quite amazing. Venus was an amazing goddess who symbolized what society and real people are like. Even though the bible keeps sex, mythology, and love to a minimum does not mean everyone thinks about these thing. Botticelli was just the first to admit and prove it to society. So like pop artist Andy Warhol he followed along with current ideas and made a masterpiece. Warhol is one of the most famous artists of this century; he is like the Rafael, Michelangelo, Botticelli and Leonardo of the 20th century. It’s hard to say which piece I believe is better. They are both so different, but stand for the same beautiful things. I guess it’s just based on which is easier for the viewer personally to relate to.

7 Strategies for Getting a Raise

7 Strategies for Getting a Raise No one ever wrote a song about performance review time, calling it the â€Å"most wonderful tiiiiime of the year.† Nobody loves it, except maybe the most devoted members of Human Resources. It’s extra work for you, your boss, and your company. However, it’s worth it- it not only lets you know how you’re doing, but it also might net you a bonus or raise. The time to start thinking about that raise is not 10 minutes before your self-evaluation is due. Planning ahead can bring great rewards.1. Set goals  early. REALLY early.If possible, you can even set these goals  before you have the job. If you spend a lot of time discussing the skill-building and growth you expect to see in your first year in the job, it helps your new employer set a baseline for your performance. Of course, realism is the key here. If you say you’re going to increase revenue by X% and you don’t meet that, you’ve just set yourself up for failure. Instead, set your self up for success†¦ and future profit.2. Know your goalposts throughout the year.If your boss expects you’ll hit certain milestones or complete particular projects, take extra care with those- they’ll be the concrete proof of your raise-worthy year. Make sure you keep a paper trail for big projects to help remind you later what you accomplished. If you get glowing reviews from a colleague or a client, save them! You can casually bust those out during a year-end discussion, and use them to how just how valuable you are to the team. If you’re collecting data and keeping track of things all year, you won’t have to make a rushed pitch at the end of the year and risk forgetting accomplishments or projects that would make an excellent case for a raise.3. Don’t limit yourself to just your responsibilities  If your company has committees, join one. If there are employee social events, volunteer to help set up or clean up. If you see a way to provi de excellent service, but it would be a minor inconvenience to you, try to do it anyway. Things like these show that you’re willing to get your hands dirty in support of the company. You’re a team player who does what needs to be done, and doesn’t just wait around to be told what to do. If you want to look valuable, be valuable. You’d be surprised at how â€Å"small† things add up by the end of the year.4. Don’t lie or bluff about your accomplishments.Your boss will know if you are over-inflating numbers or making it look like you have a skill you don’t quite have. Be positive about your accomplishments and your skills, and talk them up as much as possible- just don’t feel the need to embellish. You don’t want anyone to question your integrity.5. Treat your review like a re-interview.Instead of letting your boss (or whoever is reviewing you) run through a monologue of your year while you sit quietly and sign the forms at the end, try to make sure it’s a dialogue. If she mentions a particular project, make sure the background and context are clear and that the takeaway- your success- is clear.6.  Turn your mistakes into accomplishments.If you didn’t have a perfect year (and who does?) it doesn’t mean you’ll be disqualified from a raise or that you don’t deserve one. Again, this is a chance to play up your strengths. If something didn’t go well and it comes up in your review, make sure you put some spin on it. Talk about what you learned from the process and how you’ve grown/what you’ve done to fix the issue after the fact.7. Don’t plead poverty.A discussion about a raise is a discussion about your work performance. That’s it. You may very well need the money, but your employer is not obligated to give raises out of pity or because you’re a nice person. Make sure the focus stays on the reasons Professional You deserves mor e compensation. Once you make it personal, you also give more leverage to your employer. If they know you really, really need more money for Fluffington McWhiskers’ plastic surgery, they can try to lowball you because they know you’ll take less than you might be able to negotiate for yourself as part of a neutral, job-data-only presentation.If you start preparing well before you’re scheduled to meet for a review- or if you’ve picked a time during the rest of the year to make your case for a raise- you’re in a great position. If you’ve built a careful and clear case about why you deserve more, you have also created some built-in confidence. All you need to do is cross the finish line, hopefully a little richer than you were before.

Poor Communication Between Doctors and Nurses Speech or Presentation

Poor Communication Between Doctors and Nurses - Speech or Presentation Example Many patients die because some nurses fail to pass some important information about the patients to the doctors. Therefore, effective communication between nurses and doctors should be encouraged to promote positive patients’ outcomes. Purpose The program’s purpose is to promote effective communication between doctors and nurses in hospitals. Additionally, the project aims to reduce the negative effects of poor communication between doctors and nurses by creating awareness. It would be fundamental for the program to state the aspects that constitute appropriate communication within the hospital surroundings. Target population The target populations for this program are the board and the health leaders within the broader care system. Additionally, the program targets doctors and nurses in all the hospitals. I would also be fundamental to include patients because their response is crucial. Benefits of the program The programs will benefit the nurses, doctors, and patients . Effective communication between nurses and doctors improves the relationship between the two professional groups, which in turn enhances job satisfaction and productivity (Gordon, Buchanan & Bretherton, 2008). Most nurses complain about their poor relationship with doctors. Researches show that most nurses never get job fulfillment because of their poor relationship with doctors. The nurses feel inferior in the work places because they experience social stigma. This is because doctors are considered more important that nurses and they should be the ones making the final decisions (Coombs, 2004). Additionally, proper communication between nurses and doctors will help in reducing patients’ deaths in hospitals. Lack of communication increases the occurrences of medical errors in hospitals causing unexpected patients’ deaths (Gordon, Buchanan & Bretherton, 2008). Researches prove that medical errors are among the five major causes of deaths in the country. Approximately 98,000 patients die in the US because of the medical inaccuracies that result from poor communication (Rosenstein & O’Daniel, 2009). Nurses do not usually participate in decision-making processes in most hospitals. This makes nurses to assume that the doctors comprehend everything and they fail to give the doctors some vital information, which they do not know about the patients. This leads to giving of wrong prescriptions, which worsen the patients’ conditions. Nurses are always the closest individuals to the patients compared to all other healthcare team members. Therefore, they always have better assessments of the patients’ needs. However, they are always reluctant to share their observations and assessment results due to poor communication systems in hospitals. Therefore, the program will help in upgrading the health care systems in hospitals by improving communication (Coombs, 2004). The projects will also help in lessening the shortages of nurses. Researc hes show that for last five year, the numbers of nurses has been declining (Gordon, Buchanan & Bretherton, 2008). This has resulted into a shortage of nurses in many countries. This is because they are treated as inferior individuals in the work places. Consequently, most people prefer being doctors because they are accorded additional value than nurses are. Improving communication between doctors and nurses will make the nurses to feel worthy, and many people will be

Strategic management of SMEs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic management of SMEs - Essay Example The choice of a competitive strategy helps a firm navigate the competitive environment that defines one’s business. This paper concerns with unraveling the sources of comparative advantage among firms. Comparative advantage regards having the ability to satisfy a market in the best way than any other firm. In addition, the paper shall unravel how strategic management influences SME’s. Segmentation differentiation is a useful competitive strategy for an SME. Segmentation differentiation differs with differentiation in terms of product making. This is because segmentation differentiation concerns with dealing a specific market segment (Julien 2003, pp. 230). In this case, a business studies a market segment and determines different factors that define its existence. For instance, the business studies the general preferences and needs of a given market. In addition, a SME studies the aggregate income levels of a market segment towards determining the price and quality level demanded by a particular market segment. This strategy differs from the idea of approaching a market in its whole form because a firm makes the risk of targeting a single market. There are, however, several benefits of choosing a given market segment. To begin with, an SME has the high chances of exhausting the market. Once consumers are satisfied from particular services, they are highly likely to manifest customer loyalty even in cases whereby new competitors enter the market. Innovation occurs in tests of produced uniqueness that a firm has in a poll of competitors. It is crucial to highlight that innovation is a traversing concept that may occur in every level of the supply chain. To begin with, it is essential to examine uniqueness in production. Innovation in production regards using the available resources to produce that does not exist in a market. It also concerns with designing a production process that carets efficiency in terms of time and costs.

Premature birth & the sociological effects Research Paper

Premature birth & the sociological effects - Research Paper Example Dr. Mathew Allin, the research leader, has linked these symptoms to different possibilities such as remaining in the incubator makes bonding of the child and the parents difficult; genes could also be a reason of this personality disorder (BBC News). A premature baby faces continuous exposure to stress from invasive procedures, pain, sleep disturbances, and changes in less severe problems such as temperature, noise, and hunger. Even after being delivered to parents from the ICU care, a child experiences stress from regular fever, growth delays, and feeding problems. The life-risky problems challenge the under-developed coping mechanism of the child, as a child can undergo on an average 60 painful invasive procedures after admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. In a study by Brandt et al, it was found that about 50% of all premature babies have learning disabilities in comparison to 9% of their peers. The IQ score of low-birth-weight premature babies is low in comparison to normally delivered babies (Maroney 679-83). There is a correlation between post -traumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD) in the parent of a premature baby and its resultant effect on the baby. The level of PTSD shown by the parent of the premature child is not definite but studies have shown that mothers of such babies show more PSTD symptoms in comparison to mothers of normally delivered healthy babies. Babies of such mothers are more prone to happenings of PSTD. Effects of such stress remain for long term in the lives of PSTD children. As the main care provider to the infant is the mother, studies have shown that due to the close relationship between the mother and the child, the mother can help the child in controlling the stress and providing a feeling of security. Parents of such children should provide Kangaroo Care with suitable Infant Massage to the child to reduce the stress level of the premature baby (Maroney 679-83). A child views the surroundings and

Effect Of Insecticides On Honey Bees Biology Essay

Effect Of Insecticides On Honey Bees Biology Essay Introduction: Pollinators are very important for the production of any crop as they play very important role for pollination of the flowers and crops. Bees are considered one of the major pollinators of the agricultural crops. The study of this issue is very important as well as difficult due to the complex interaction of bees with their hosts. Many environmental factors are involved in the complexity of this interaction (Schmid, 1975). Honey bees are good pollinators but they are not common for all crops (Batra 1995). Most people are interested in honey and wax production by bees but some honey bees are used in orchard pollination, where they take nectar and pollen for the purpose (Cheung 1973). Honey bees are most vulnerable pollinators of agricultural crops as USDA estimated the financial value of these profitable pollinators that is approximately 15- 20 dollars billion per year (Johnson 2010). On the other hand, they are very sensitive insects as they are disturbed by the common environmental factor like pollution. Pesticides are the chemicals that are most widely used to control pests in crop production. When different chemicals are applied to the crops, they not only affect the pests of the crops but also harm the beneficial insects as pollinators, predators and parasites etc. This harmful effect disturbs the natural balance between the insects and their natural hosts. The table below shows the dependence of agricultural crops on honey bee pollination. Almond, Alfalfa, Apple, peaches, carrots, sunflower, onion, broccoli and citrus with other field crops are given with their dependence. Estimated value of Honey Bee to US crop production, 2000 estimates (Johnson, 2010) Use of chemicals (Pesticides) in agricultural crops is important to get required production on one side while on other side, safety of honey bees and other natural enemies from these chemicals are also required. But if these chemicals are not used against insect pests of the crops, it will also create problems for producers as they can not be able to get such production that can fulfill the food requirements of nation or worldwide. Large number of bee colony developers is present in The United States that provides bees as pollinators, commercially to different crop producers. U.S. Department of Agricultureà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s (USDA) 2007 Census point out that 2.9 million bee colonies are used for 28,000 operations in the United States. Increasing use of chemicals (insecticides and pesticides) to control the other problems of crop production disturbs honey bees populations either natural or reared commercially. Johnson 2010 gave the map that shows the disorder in honey bees colonies in different states in 2009. http://beealert.blackfoot.net/ Johnson (2010) gave the reasons for colonies collapses in his report by the data collected under the information provided by USDA. These colony loses in honey bees disturbs Agricultural economy of the country, so scientists try to explore that chemicals that are less or not harmful for the pollinators and they started performing different experiment by using different chemicals to check their efficacy against honey bees activities and pollination. Complete give up of chemicals is not possible as they effect the production of different agricultural crops (Akca et al. 2009), but these chemicals should be use under certain limits. According to the Pretty 1995, the over usage of these agrochemicals make the soil and environment deteriorated and on the other side genetic diversity of the living organisms is also disturbed. Many scientists focused on all non target insects while some are more specific towards the pollinators, their behavior and activities against insecticides which are commonly used for crop pests (Liong et al. 1998; Qadri et al. 1994). Different chemicals and methodologies are carried by different scientists to explain the effectiveness of certain chemicals against honey bee normal functioning. Some of them are given here. Methodologies by Different scientists and their results: Akca et al. 2009 performed an experiment by using 8 chemicals against worker honey bees. They used residual film method for each chemical. Physical conditions for experiment were 25O C and 75% RH and data was collected after 1, 8, 16 and 24 hours. Honey bees of 20 days or less were used in experiments. Three different doses for each chemical were used (recommended, 1/2 and 1/4 of recommended) at same physical conditions. Above is the table that shows the chemical used, their recommended doses and their groups to which these chemicals belong. Their results revealed that all of the insecticides with all doses are toxic to the honey bees after last three intervals except Azadirechtin. All chemicals are significantly toxic to time and doses while the mortality goes on decreasing when dose was reduced. Among all toxic compounds, they found that Sevin XLR was the most fast acting and toxic to the honey bees. Under the light of this experiment, it was concluded that the chemicals that are botanical in nature have less or no toxic to the honey bees. They are organic in nature and environmentally safe. The scientists concluded that it is needed to find out bio-chemicals that does not effect adversely to the bees but have good control of pests. Needham and Stevenson 1973 performed an experiment by using three chemicals, Malathion EC, Azinphos-methyl EC and Endosulfan WP. They performed experiment under natural conditions in field. They sprayed chemicals while bees were foraging on the oil seed rape crops and notice the mortality after 1 and 28 days. They found that mortality was maximum for Malathion and then Azinphos-methyl while for Endosulfan it was very low. Table for results of these chemicals is given below. For this result, they concluded that the formulations of the chemicals play important role for their toxicity. For this conclusion, they performed another experiment by taking two chemicals, Endosulfan and Azinphos-methyl with both formulations. The method of experiment was same as before. But this time, they found that the wetablepowder (WP) formulations were mote toxic than emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The table for results is given as: It is revealed from the results that again Azinphos-methyl was more toxic than Endosulfan no matter what the concentration was. Though all chemicals had effect on Acetyl cholinesterase of the brain of honey bees. So they concluded that the choice of chemical is more important than the concentrations of the chemicals. In the same way different experiment with different hypothesis are carried out by different scientists to show the effect of chemicals on the activity of honey bees as a pollinator and their role for the crop production. Some of the literature review is given below about the work on honey bees against different chemical and different methodologies by different scientists. Review of Literature: Akca et al. (2009) studied the effect of eight different insecticides on honey bees and check their acute toxicity level on hazelnut pests. They used Karate, Deltanete, Sevin, Oncol, Mesurol and Neem @ of their recommended dose and below (1/2 and 1/4 of recommended dose) against Honeybees. They found that Azadirechtin is most safe and environmental friendly insecticide as compare to all other. They also revealed from their experiment that Sevin is one of the most dangerous insecticides for the honeybee activity. In their experiment they recommend that Azadirechtin should be used to control the Hazelnut pests. Batra (1995) presented a review article about the importance of the honey bees as a pollinator for different crops. He described the situations before and after the application of agricultural practices in a field crop that disturb the population of bees to the hosts. Halm et al. (2005) presented New Risk Assessment Approach for Systemic Insecticides: The Case of Honey Bees and Imidacloprid (Gaucho). This publication explains an approach to estimate the risk of systemic insecticides more precisely. They estimated two levels that were levels of exposure (PEC) and toxicity (PNEC). PECs are determined for different Honey bees categories in order to estimate the amount of contaminated pollen and nectar consumed. PNECs are estimated or calculated for chronic, acute and sublethal toxicities of the test chemical. All of the experiment was done under field conditions. These assessments are used to describe the risks of the systemic insecticides against honey bees. Iwasa et al. (2004) performed an experiment on honey bees by taking different neonicotinoids in topical application in laboratory. They found that nitro-substituted compounds like imadacloprid and dinotefuran were more toxic as compared to Cyano-substituted compounds like acetamaprid and thiacloprid. They also studied the effect of some synergists like piperonyl butoxide, triflumizole and propiconazole. They observed that these synergists increased the effect of cyano-substituted compounds towards more toxic while nitro-substituted compounds were not affected by these synergists. Kevan (1999) gave the name, bioindicators to the honey bees. According to him, pollinators and pollination is important for all ecosystems specially agriculture. They are as sensitive to the changes in environment as they are getting easily harmed by the competitors, diseases, predators and parasites on one side while they are easily defeated by the physical and chemical factors like chemical application and habitat modification. According to Kevan, honeybees are indicators of the atmospheric pollutions as they are functionally disturbed by the abnormalities in the environment. Montana, Department of agriculture (2007) published a report about the role of pesticides and honey bees in the production of agricultural crops. In this report, they described that insecticides application not only control the other pests of the crops but also disturb the honey bee population while on the other hand if insecticides are not applied to control the other pests of the crop, the production by the crops is also disturbed. So in this guideline, they give some general suggestions and ideas for the application of insecticides and chemicals to control the insect pests of the crops. Needham and Stevenson (1973) studied the effect of 3 organophosphates on foraging bees and their pollination ability was testes under the influence of these (Endosulfan WP, Azinphos-methyl EC and Malathion EC) chemicals. According to their results, Endosulfan was safer among all three. According to their observations, they concluded that the other two chemicals except Endosulfan, difference of formulations (wetable powder and Emulsifiable concentrate) is also one of the factors that made these chemicals more toxic than Endosulfan. Surviliene et al. (2009) published an article Insvestigation of Pesticides Effect on Pollination of Bumblebees in Greenhouse Tomatoes. In this article, they checked the effect of different chemicals on the bumblebee hives with different doses. They concluded that with the specific recommended doses of some specific chemicals did not affect the bee activities and lives while some chemicals badly affect the bees and their activities. As they used triazamat with 1 ml/lit concentration, Azadirachtin with 5ml/lit and propamocarb hydrochloride with 1.5 /ha. They did not notice nay bad effect on bumblebees while tolyfluanid with 1.5 mg/lit had negative effect on bee colonies and activities. Akca, I., C. Tuncer, A. Guler and I. Saruhan. 2009. Residual Toxicity of 8 different insecticides on honey bees ( Aps mellifera Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Anim. Veter. Adv. 8(3): 436-440. Batra, SWT. 1995. Bees and pollination in our changing environment. Apidologie. 26: 361-370. Cheung, S. N. S. 1973. The fable of the bees: an economic investigation. J. Law Econ. 16:11-33. Halm, M. P., A. Rortais, G. Arnold, J. N. Tasei and S. Rault. 2006. New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides: the case of honey bees and Imidachloprid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 2448-2454. Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, J. T. Ambrose and R. M. Roe. 2004. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Protection. 23: 371-378. Jhohnson, R. 2010. Honey bee olony Collapse Disorder. Congressional Research Service. pp. 1-20. Kevan, P. G. 1999. Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of environment: species, activity and diversity. 74: 373-393. Liong, P. C. W. P. Hazah and V. Murugan. 1998. Toxocity of some pesticides towards fresh water fishes. Malaysian Agric. J. 54 (3): 147-156. Needham, P. H. and J. H. Stevenson. 1973. The toxicity to foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera, of Endosulfan, melathion and Azinophos-methyl applied to flowering oil seed rape, Brassica napus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 75: 235-240. Pretty, J. N., 1995. Regenerating agriculture: Policies nad Practice for sustainability and self-reliance. Earthscan Publications Limited, London, pp: 320. ISBN: 0309052483. Qadri, Y. H., A. N. Swamy and J. V. Rao. 1994. Species difference in brain acetylcholinerterasse response to monocrotophos in vitro. Ecotoxicol. Environ. 28: 91-98. PMID: 7523071. Schmid, R. 1975. Two hundred years of pollinationbiology: an overview. The Biologist. 57: 26-35. Surviliene, E., L. Raudonis and J. Jankauskiene. 2009. Investigation of pesticides effect on pollination of bumblebees in greenhouse tomatoes. SODININKYSTE IR DARZININKYSTE. 28(3): 235- 241. USDA, 2007. Census of Agriculture, Table 31, http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/ Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/st99_1_029_031.pdf.

School Nutrition: When Capitalism Causes Obesity Essay -- Nutrition

A dollop of tomato paste - that is all that this is required for an other-wise high-sodium, high-fat, and high-grease food product to be labeled as a vegetable as voted by a lobbyist-controlled congress in November of 2011. Pizza, as it turns out, is now considered a vegetable by school nutrition standards (â€Å"A Veggie Pizza†). It is obvious, then, that such as decision was not perpetuated nor endorsed by activists campaigning for proper nutrition within in the school cafeteria. It was lobbyists, most likely independent or large business caterers, who gave the decision the political and monetary boost it needed. But by allowing congress to make decisions based on lobbyist endorsement, pressure, and financial supports such as this one, America is simultaneously over-feeding its children, depriving its children of key nutrients, and establishing an epidemic of obesity. The blame, however, lies not just within the schools, parents, congress, or society, but upon a conglomerat ion of these things. Surely, it would be folly to believe otherwise. One thing is clear: America’s nutritional standards for school children must change. With this need for change in mind, citizens must no longer ignore the pressing empirical data of the detrimental state of America’s contemporary nutritional standards. Currently, most school cafeterias provide students nutritional needs by relying on processed foods (sugar, white flour, oil, artificial ingredients) and animal products whilst barely delivering any whole produce. In fact, most of the fruit-and-vegetable nutrition comes from byproducts such as juice concentrates or stocks. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends decreasing saturated fats, sugar and sodium, while increasing whole grains, ... ...tion and to be consistent with what they are teaching to avoid hypocrisy. Students, when faced with nutrition education, will observe the hypocrisy, and conclude that nutrition is not important when everything they see around them contradicts the message their teachers are trying to send. School administrators cannot, and most likely will not, be willing to endorse this message if it is not cost-efficient. It is then up to society, congress, and the people of the U.S. to see nutrition and their children not as another business expense, but as the methods to create a standard of healthy children, regardless of the financial impact. Works Cited "School Meals Need to Get Healthier: Report." Healthday. 29 OCT 2009: n. page. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. Shah, Nirvi. "School-Meals Makeover Stirs The Pot." Education Week 30.27 (2011): 1,. ERIC. Web. 7 Dec. 2011.

Criminal Addiction- America’s Social Crisis Essay

The United States boasts some of the finest medical knowledge in the world; is known for it’s charitable help to third world countries and yet there’s an epidemic that it chooses to ignore and even vilify. Drug addiction, to both illegal and legal drugs, is on the rampage. In 2001, 16. 6 million cases of drug addiction were reported- that’s 7. 3% of the population. Our emergency rooms are overflowing with drug related emergencies and our jails are packed with criminals charged with drug related crimes. The American medical society can be partially blamed for our national addictions. From heroin and cocaine in the early 1900’s, to tranquilizers and diet pills in the 60’s and 70’s to today’s highly addictive pain killers, doctor’s have pushed pills at us , toting them as miracle cures, and the like. Americans are a society that is always looking for new ideas and new ways to solve problems, and these instant solutions always seem like a good thing- and usually aren’t (King, 2006). Unfortunately, doctor’s are less inclined to treat those they addict- they would rather ignore the problem or chalk it up to a weak will, than face the fact that without their overzealous marketing, the majority of these people would never have become addicts. Those doctors that wish to help their patients are met with little choice – if the patient has no insurance, there are very few treatment centers. It’s the middle and lower class addicts that suffer the most- due to lack of money, influence and insurance. One the other side of addiction- namely street drugs, we again see the want for a miracle cure. Many kids experiment out of curiosity, but the majority that become heavy drug users usually start using drugs as an escape and because they see their parents do drugs too. They also see drugs as a way of making quick money and to escape the poverty they live in (Addiction, 2002). Unfortunately for either type of user, there is no escape. Drugs often lead to death- whether suicide, accidental overdose, fighting between dealers, or the various diseases that can come from chronic drug use. At least one spell of incarceration is guaranteed for the street drug user- usually for dealing or violence related to dealing. Conversely, prescription drug addicts usually end up in incarceration for various crimes to support their habits- crimes that are usually more sophisticated such as theft and forgery. Either way, however, these addicts end up in jail- in a system that is only there to make sure they serve a sentence- rather than help them to overcome the problem (Addiction, 2002). A movement to change drug addiction from a crime to a public health problem is beginning in America. This approach has already been tried in the Netherlands with results showing a marked reduction in the number of heroin addicts over a two-year period. There, drug traffickers are prosecuted, and drug addicts that commit other crimes such as theft are punished for those crimes, but are not charged with possession. Instead rehabilitation is ordered and received. (Bertran, Sharpe, Andreas, 1996) In 2007, the Second Chance Act was put before Congress. This bill will allow funds to be allotted to State governments to set up alcohol and substance abuse programs for inmates. It also authorizes the creation of drug treatment and rehabilitation centers as alternatives to incarceration for non-violent offenders. While this is still in the legislative process, it is a step toward changing the futures of many Americans. Conclusion It’s time for Americans to step back and take a long look at their attitudes about drug addiction. It’s obvious from our jails and morgues that our current policies and ideas are not working. References King, Rufus (2006) The Drug Hang Up, America’s Fifty-Year Folly retrieved from http://www. druglibrary. org/special/king/dhu/dhu5. htm â€Å"Drug Addiction is an Illness, not a Crime† (2002) retrieved from http://www. drug -addiction. com/addiction_is_illness. htm Bertran, Eva; Sharpe, Kenneth; Andreas, Peter (1996 )Drug War Politics: The Price of Denial University of California Press retrieved from http://books. google. com /books? id=baWsThZgBaQC&printsec on January 31 2009.

Jim Crow Law Essay

Jim Crow Law Essay Free Online Research Papers Discrimination and prejudice were very common acts during the time that To Kill A Mockingbird took place. Prejudice in this book is displayed by the acts of hate and misunderstanding because of someones color. For example when Tom Robinson was on trial for rape that everyone knew he didn’t commit, but because of the color they still want to put him in jail. During this time in the southern states, black people had to use separate bathrooms, drinking fountains, sections in restaurants, churches, sit in separate places, and even go to separate schools. An example in this book that shows that they sat in different places was in the court room the colored sections had to sit up in the balconies. Even though a lot of the discrimination was towards blacks, there was also discrimination towards families that did not have money, such as the Ewell family. One of the Jim Crow laws stated that a black male could not shake hands with a white male because that would show that the two races are socially equal. Also if a black male offered a hand or any other part of his body to a white woman, he would be accused of rape. This law is similar to Tom Robinson’s rape case. Tom Robinson is being accused of rape because when he was called in the Ewells’ house by Mayella to break a bureau for her, but as he was doing that she grabbed his leg, wrapped her arm around his waist, and then kissed him. As the only witness was Mayella’s father Bob Tom Robinson had no chance of winning because even though the jury knew he was innocent in their heart they would have to show him guilty because they had to give the public what they wanted. Another Jim Crow law states that black people cannot sit near each other, because it would show that they are socially equal, which is not true. One place that this law comes up is when the colored people had to sit in the balcony during when the trail was going on. Blacks and Whites were always separated everywhere. For example, on the bus blacks at in the back and whites in the front and when a black person is riding in a car with a white person, the colored person has to sit in the back of the car to show that they are not socially equal. The Jim Crow laws did not only apply to black people but to any family that was very poor, such as the Ewell family. When the Ewell family was first introduces in the book, everyone was judging them because their mother died, the father was a drunk, the family was full of young children, they were dirty and poor, and their social statues was like a hair above all colored people. In To Kill A Mockingbird, we see a black man put on trial for a crime he clearly did not commit. The jury was so afraid of what everyone else would have thought if they made Tom Robinson innocent so, they chose the verdict that the public wanted, even though that was not what they felt in their hearts. Research Papers on Jim Crow Law EssayRacism and InjusticeEmmett Till BiographyThe Colour PurpleThe Obama Presidency EssayBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettLegalization of Same Sex MarriagesEssay on â€Å"I have a Dream† Dr KingThe Legal ProcessThe Broken FamilyHistory of Rap Music Essay

The Living Machine essays

The Living Machine essays We live in an extraordinary era of exploration. We are now able to reach far out into space and deep down into the ocean. We have the advantage with technology such as computers and satellites. We can now simply understand the dynamic forces that shape our Earth. Our Earth is constantly destructing and recreating. It balances through a continuous rebirth cycle. The Earths dynamic shape can be summed up very simply-Transfer Of Energy. This "Big Idea" helps to explain many things such as plate tectonics, ocean floor spreading, continental drift, volcanoes, earthquakes, just about everything that happens naturally on earth. Plate Tectonics links together Alfred Wegeners theory of continental drift and Harry Hesss theory of ocean floor spreading. Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist living in the first half of this century. He thought that long, long ago at one time all of the continents had been joined together as one gigantic land mass he called Pangaea. Finally after a long period of time the huge land mass had broken apart and slowly became what it is today and was believed to be still changing. Many scientists did not accept Wegeners theory, but he kept on collecting evidence to support it. Finally, fossils of the same organism on many different continents were found. This helped to support his idea even more then fitting the continents together like a puzzle. Glossopteris fossils, which are found in rocks, were found in South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica. These organisms were too large to be carried continent to continent by wind and were not tough enough to survive a trip across the ocean. This made scientist confused. One of the clearest sets of evidence is found in the rocks of Africa an d South America. The rock formations in Africa lined up with matching ones in South America. Several years after Wegener had died, the theory of Contine ...

Multiple predetermined overhead rates versus a single predetermined Term Paper

Multiple predetermined overhead rates versus a single predetermined overhead rate - Term Paper Example A multiple predetermined overhead rate is a system through which the product cost is estimated. This is where in every single different department in the company a single separate predetermined overhead rate is calculated and then they are summed together. This means that though if they are summed up they produce a single predetermined overhead rate they are present as independent multiple overhead rates of the company’s different departments. This type of estimation of the predetermined overhead rate is important especially in the instance where the products are heterogeneous. This is because as the products move along the various departments they receive uneven effort and attention therefore calling for the different departmental rates in the achieving of equitable and even product costs estimations. The calculation of the single predetermined overhead rate is more common in most companies’ than the multiple predetermined overhead rates. This is largely attributed to the fact tat the single overhead rate is much simpler to estimate than the multiple overhead rates. This is due to the fact that it involves a single calculation of the overheard rate of the whole company’s departments as one while the multiple overhead rates involve calculation of the rates in the different departments separately (Sherman 43). In this reason also it is thus estimated to be less of a cost in resources and time to use the single overhead rate than the multiple overhead rates. Taking for instance a survey conducted on the popularity of the use of the single overhead rate and the multiple overhead rate established that an approximate 50% of companies use both types. This can be attributed to the fact that the multiple overhead rates are more detailed and informative especially the fact that most companies conduct heterogeneous production. Job order costing Job order costing refers to a costing system in businesses that is applied to the accumulation of costs by the difference jobs it engages in, and it is mostly applied where there are various different products that are being produced per time period. It involves the calculation of the average cost per unit product which is arrived at through the tracing of costs through to

Sustainable Design Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Design Case Study - Research Paper Example The main reasons behind people moving towards urban areas are to seek employment, make shopping for purchasing goods, seek entertainment as well as attain better standard of living. Simultaneously, existing environmental infrastructures related to work as well as services are quite insufficient to serve the rise in population as well as population densities. It can be observed in this context that overcrowding leads to environmental vulnerabilities as well as degradation unless strategies related to reversing the environmental deterioration can be applied. One of the determinants of the sternness of environment conditions in the urban areas has been their regional ecosystem types such as mountainous, coastal and riverine among others. It needs to be remembered that the urban ecological types are significant components in identifying the environmental strategies along with preparing the plans for precise and sustainable urban development. The project also discusses regarding the physi cal planning, environmental health management and sustainable development. The main objective of the project analyzed in the paper is to make the urban areas quite self-sufficient, enjoyable place to live and thus sustainable (Williams, 2000). Challenges and Opportunities The most important urban environmental requirements by the people in the developing countries would comprise provision of healthy accommodation as well as other built surroundings, access to environmental infrastructural methods as well as services. It is worthy of stating the fact that the most severe influences on urban environment concerning people and which is caused by human being as well as nature are water pollution as well as depletion, air pollution and energy use and wastage. Furthermore, urbanization leads to solid waste and resource losses such as groundwater contamination and depletion, land and ecosystem degradation among others. There are a few infuriating factors as well in relation to the project w hich lead to urban environmental degradation that are lack of public as well as political awareness, lack of efficient public education as well as involvement along with requirement for public pressure and political will. It is quite noteworthy to control such factors and make policies to minimize the impact of the factors on the environment so that the sustainability of the urban areas can be ascertained (Williams, 2000). Involvement of Numerous Stakeholders The efforts at enhancing the urban environment would comprise the involvement of numerous stakeholders such as governmental bodies, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as well as the informal sector in defending the environmental problems. It also requires the efforts of numerous institutions, organizations as well as individuals. It becomes difficult for the isolated action to meet the requirements because of the swiftness and intricacy of change. It has been found that one of the most crucial causative factors to the prevai ling accumulation of urban developmental issues is the lack of synchronization of actions between various stakeholders as well as actors. In order to reduce this problem, it is necessary to have a major intention of working in harmony towards the attainment of the common objectives. When all the stakeholders collaborate in order to work towards the accomplishment of the goals of the particular project then it leads to greater synergy. It comprises

Describe a picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe a picture - Essay Example Another technique employed in creating space is the application of size variance. This is ideally seen in the attributes seen in the sky. The size of the figures decrease as they recede further into the background. This gives the prominent airplane scene a dominant position in the picture as it is relatively bigger in comparison to the figures surrounding it. The use of size in creating space allows the picture develop a sense of atmospheric perspective particularly in an image that lacks much variables in colouring shades. The spaces in the figure overlap systematically creating a sense of unity in the picture. The foreground buildings are seen to overlap with the middle ground grass. They hide the grass surface immediately behind them. This creates the illusion that the buildings are prominently featured in the foreground. The middle ground overlaps with the background. Human figures placed in the middle ground are seen to overlap with the background horizon. Despite a minimal use of size variance and overlapping objects, there is still an element of depth, space and perspective created in the diagram. The picture shows aspects of realism in a highly fantastical composition. The varying application of perspective and proportions applied in the image challenges realism. However, the imagery created is borrowed from real objects created an intertwined relationship between realism and imagery. Aspects of realism in the plane involve the use of realistic figures in the composition. These aspects are recognizable at face value. In analysing the picture, an individual immediately notices human figures, buildings, a landscape and even a plane. These objects are highly realistic. However, the artist’s creation of the objects is highly fantastical. The human figures are executed in a 2 dimensional style. The lack of tonal variation on the figures give then a whimsical look common in cartoon figures. Moreover, the lack of ideal

Writing the Writer’s Problem Essay Example for Free

Writing the Writer’s Problem Essay Writing is a passion. Everyone can write but only few people can write well enough for other people to understand. Writing has never been an easy task, job or hobby; it requires attention and broad understanding of the things around you. Language is the first to be considered in writing, how a person will be able to talk to his or her readers and what shall the writer to use. Whatever the reason for writing is, culture and the environment of the writer affect any output he or she produces. In this case, differences in language and in rearing make them different and sometimes, people were unable to understand them. There are certain things that are considered first in writing and when you are in an American school or any English Speaking School, the language used could affect you as a writer especially if your were never a native English speaker. However, writing in English or being fluent in English depends on the nature of the person. Thus, those who came from a different place, foreign student as we call them, and took a chance to enter a world different from theirs, commonly experience language barriers in the sense that they may have used a different language since birth or they have a different tone. Hence, they experience problems in communicating with the people around them in English language, may it be in papers submitted in school or outside school, in conversing with other people, their peers and their classmates. Reflections Using the guides given by the instructor it seems to be so easy at first to analyze one’s self regarding writing concerns. However, this task is a big thing and involves severe reflection and analysis of the real issue. Hence, the following entries are reflections over the guidelines and question given the instructor which would most probably help in knowing one’s self. There are three exercises to be answered and they are in the form of an essay. Exercise 5B: Reflecting on Your Own Writing Concerns Criticizing personal works is not bad at all. It only allows us to have rooms for improvement and a better writing skill. Perhaps it is better to do such reflection over personal works more often than to be too sensitive of the critics. Considering my performance over the past years, it seems that I had been dealing with a better writing skills compared to others. The upbringing I had and the way I use the language allows me to write a better paper and how I was able to communicate with others, may it be through the web or in person. Personally, there are no problems since I can observe no rules in writing but when it comes to professional and academic concerns, it seems that I have to be more careful since there are rules to be followed. However, as a writer, I believe I do not have many problems except of having errors in grammar and thoughts but aside from those, nothing else follows. Moreover, as a writer, my problems in writing allowed me to become emotional sometimes and when it comes to critics over my professional and academic writings, I somehow lose confidence but reflecting upon it at this time, it seems that it is better not to take it personally because critics were made for your own development. On the other hand, it is not hard for me also to relate with those writers who uses English as second language. Like them, I have criticism also and that people, instructors and peers say different things about my writings which I believed were also experienced by writers who use English as second language. However, when it comes to writing anxieties, I believe I do not share the same frustrations since English is not my second language and I had been fluent for a long time already. But regarding struggles in starting an assignment seems to be a common problem among students because that is a common though and it is hard to make a or write a paper without an issue in mind but this one I think I was able to conquer already along with the problem in language. Exercise 5A: Reflecting on Writers’ Concerns Regarding the mock requests, I believe there is nothing personal and so meeting the students face to face would be better. In this case, there will be enough attention and the focus of both the student and me will be at one point, sharing the same point of view and focal point. Hence, it will be easy for the two of us to exchange ideas and opinion which will be very helpful not only to the students but also with me. If we happen to see face to face, perhaps the students will confess about their problems in writing and the language which prohibits them to continuous write down their thoughts and opinions. It is a common problem and though they are frustrated already, they will and eagerness to learn more and to work on with they writing skills allows them to deal with their frustration. In this case, the students were benefiting in such tutorials because they are given the chance to be heard and then to learn also. In some point, there are no reasons why language used in writing will not be tackled over mock requests. It seems that it is one of the main reasons why such things happen and it is focused mainly on improving the students and not into insulting them. Addressing such problems are common already that it will be helpful for the students if they will take constructively and not focusing on the emotional torture it may give them. The advises I gave seems to be helpful to them due to the fact that they really have improvements and that they do understand the importance of knowing English and learning how to fluently write in English since they are presently in an English Country wherein there is a Standard Academic English. Exercise 5c: Reflecting on Tutoring Techniques Considering the revision of the advices I gave to the students, it seems that it still have to revise other things and that the once I shared must be given in full detail and not in a short talk only. First and foremost, I have to be sure that the students understand what I was trying to say and have an idea of what is really happening which means that full attention must be give. Also the student must be oriented with culture and the differences since it is one part of the cultivation of the writer’s thoughts and skills. Furthermore, clearing issues about culture will allow them to have ideas in the world of writing such as plagiarism and to give them ideas about the proper style to be used when writing for academic papers under the Standard American English. Hence, with all of these things cleared to the student, he or she will be able to write better and soon learn more about and learn to adapt with the changes. Works Cited Module 4: Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in the Writing Center